![]() ![]() (c) The free-body diagrams are identical, permitting direct comparison of the two situations. (Ignore the effect of gravity on the ball.) (b) The same player exerts an identical force on a stalled SUV and produces far less acceleration. (a) A basketball player pushes on a basketball to make a pass. This reminds us of first law of motion.\): The same force exerted on systems of different masses produces different accelerations. So, Newton’s second law can be written, in mathematical form, as Thus, if a unit force is chosen to be the force which produces a unit acceleration in a unit mass, The units of force are also selected that ‘k’ becomes one. Mass ‘m’ of a body is considered to be a constant quantity. Here ‘k’ is the constant of proportionality. Let be the instantaneous velocity of the body. ![]() Newton’s first law provides a qualitative definition of the force while second law provides a quantitative definition of the force. The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the impressed force and takes place in the direction of the force. (iii) They are isotopic with respect to mechanical and optical experiments (b) Non-Inertial or Accelerated Frame It is a frame of reference which is either having a uniform linear acceleration or is being rotated with uniform speed. (ii) All the fundamental laws of physics assume the same mathematical shape in all inertial frames. (i) All the fundamental laws of physics are valid in inertial frames. All the laws of physics hold good in such a frame.Īn inertial frame is endowed with the following characteristics: A reference frame describing an event in these four co-ordinates is known a space time frame.Ī frame of reference either at rest or moving with a uniform velocity (zero acceleration) is known as inertial frame. Hence an event in characterized by four co-ordinates (x,y,z,t). For complete identification of an event we must know ‘t’ also, i.e., the time of the occurrence. For location of a point ‘P’ we need three co-ordinate x, y and z. Frame of ReferenceĪ system of co-ordinates whose axes can be suitably chosen is said to be a frame of reference. Thus, relativistic momentum is not a linear function of v. Therefore, momentum of a body according to the concepts of theory of relativity is given by, If ‘m 0’ is the mass of body observed by an observer at rest with respect to body, its relativistic mass ‘m’ is given by, In accordance to Einstein’s special theory of relativity, mass of a body depends upon the relative velocity ‘v’ of the body with respect to the observer. Thus, momentum of a body is a linear function of its velocity. Momentum can be put into following two categories.Īccording to classical physics (or non-relativistic physics) which is based upon the concepts of Newton’s laws of motion, mass of a body is considered to be a constant quantity, independent of the velocity of body. These laws provide an example of the breadth and simplicity of principles. Newton’s laws of motion are the foundation of dynamics. Dynamics considers the forces that affect the motion of moving objects and systems. Momentum is a vector quantity and possesses the direction of velocity. The study of motion is kinematics, but kinematics only describes the way objects movetheir velocity and their acceleration. Momentum of a body is equal to the product of its mass and velocity. Therefore momentum of a body of mass ‘m’ and velocity ‘v’ will be, Quantity of motion or the momentum of the body depends upon, Momentum of a body is defined as the amount of motion contained in a body. Inertial and Non-Inertial Frame of Reference Concepts of Physics by HC Verma for JEE.IIT JEE Coaching For Foundation Classes. ![]()
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